A CSV (Comma-Separated Values) file is a simple plain text format used to store tabular data, such as spreadsheets or database information. Each line in the file represents a single data record, and individual values within that record are separated by commas. Unlike complex binary formats like Excel workbooks (XLSX), CSV files contain only raw data with no formulas, formatting, or multiple sheets, making them extremely lightweight and universally readable.

CSV files are ideal for transferring large datasets between different programs. For instance, businesses export customer lists from CRM systems (like Salesforce) as CSVs for email marketing tools. Researchers frequently use CSV to save experimental data from instruments into analysis software like Python's pandas library or R. They're also standard for importing/exporting bank statements, product catalogs in e-commerce, and contact lists across platforms.

The primary advantages of CSV are its simplicity, small file size, and exceptional cross-platform compatibility, being supported by virtually every data tool. Key limitations include the lack of standardized handling for complex data (dates, multi-line text, different character encodings), leading to potential import errors. While secure for data sharing due to plain text, caution is needed with sensitive information, as CSV lacks encryption. Its enduring utility lies in being the simplest bridge for structured data exchange.