Yes, modern operating systems (like Windows, macOS, Linux) and widely used file systems (NTFS, APFS, ext4) generally support using accented characters (e.g., é, ü, ñ) and non-English alphabets (e.g., Cyrillic, Japanese kanji, Arabic script) in file names. This capability comes from their adoption of Unicode (like UTF-8 or UTF-16), a standard encoding system that can represent characters from nearly all the world's writing systems. This differs significantly from older systems like FAT32, which were limited to basic character sets.

For instance, a business operating globally might name a report "Rapport_Financier_Québec_2024.docx" using accented French characters, while a research institution could have datasets labeled with Chinese characters like "气候数据.csv". Platforms like macOS Finder, Windows File Explorer, Google Drive, and modern web servers correctly handle and display these file names, making them essential for collaboration in multilingual environments or when working with local languages.

The major advantage is accessibility for users worldwide and accurate representation of localized terminology. However, limitations exist: transferring files to very old systems or using certain legacy software might corrupt names or prevent access. Encoding mismatches can cause display issues ("mojibake"). Ethically, this inclusivity is crucial. Future file systems will likely expand support further, but users should test compatibility for critical workflows involving diverse systems.